![]() The word quanta (singular quantum, Latin for how much) was used before 1900 to mean particles or amounts of different quantities, including electricity. ![]() Lewis letter which brought the word "photon" into common usage Nomenclature Photoelectric effect: the emission of electrons from a metal plate caused by light quanta – photons 1926 Gilbert N. Moreover, photons have been studied as elements of quantum computers, and for applications in optical imaging and optical communication such as quantum cryptography. It has been applied to photochemistry, high-resolution microscopy, and measurements of molecular distances. The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, including lasers, Bose–Einstein condensation, quantum field theory, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. The intrinsic properties of particles, such as charge, mass, and spin, are determined by gauge symmetry. In the Standard Model of particle physics, photons and other elementary particles are described as a necessary consequence of physical laws having a certain symmetry at every point in spacetime. Subsequently, many other experiments validated Einstein's approach. ![]() Lewis popularized the term photon for these energy units. To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein introduced the idea that light itself is made of discrete units of energy. While trying to explain how matter and electromagnetic radiation could be in thermal equilibrium with one another, Planck proposed that the energy stored within a material object should be regarded as composed of an integer number of discrete, equal-sized parts. The modern photon concept originated during the first two decades of the 20th century with the work of Albert Einstein, who built upon the research of Max Planck. The photon belongs to the class of boson particles.Īs with other elementary particles, photons are best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, their behavior featuring properties of both waves and particles. Photons are massless, so they always move at the speed of light when in vacuum, 299 792 458 m/s (or about 186,282 mi/s). < 1 ×10 −18 eV/ c 2 (experimental limit) Ī photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός ( phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. The name "photon" is generally attributed to Gilbert N. Photons are emitted by a cyan laser beam outside, orange laser beam inside calcite and its fluorescence
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